How Massachusetts can lead the electrification revolution

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced $39 million in funding for 16 projects across 12 states to develop market-ready technologies that will increase domestic supplies of critical elements required for the clean energy transition. The selected projects, led by universities, national laboratories, and the private sector aim to develop commercially scalable technologies that will enable greater domestic supplies of copper, nickel, lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, and other critical elements.

Global demand for critical minerals needed to decarbonize the nation’s economy is expected to increase by 400-600% over the next several decades and the U.S. is increasingly dependent on foreign sources, some adversarial, for many of the processed versions of these minerals, DOE said.

Selected projects will be funded and managed through DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA‑E) Mining Innovations for Negative Emissions Resource Recovery (MINER) program. The MINER program funds technology research that increases the mineral yield while decreasing the required energy, and subsequent emissions, to mine and extract energy-relevant minerals. Specifically, the program investigates the potential CO2-reactive ores to unlock net-zero or net-negative emission technologies.

University of Texas at Arlington

RECLAIM: Electrochemical Lithium and Nickel Extraction with Concurrent Carbon Dioxide Mineralization -$2,999,997

The University of Texas at Arlington will develop acoustic stimulation and electrolytic proton production to produce lithium (Li) and nickel (Ni) from CO₂-reactive minerals and rocks that contain calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), while sequestering CO₂ in the form of carbonate solids.

Columbia University

Hydrometallurgical Production of Domestic Metals for Energy Transition – $2,949,395

Columbia will develop new processes with lower environmental impact to obtain energy-relevant metals from mines that are olivine rich at lower cost than state-of-the-art processes. Olivine is a CO₂-reactive waste product that can be returned as tailings after capturing carbon from the air. Columbia will improve the yield of nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) from its partner mining operation, simultaneously increasing the amount of carbon captured per kg of metal.

Travertine Technologies

Ex Situ Tailings Leaching and Lateritization with Electrolytic Acid Recycling for Critical Metal Concentration and Mineral Carbon Sequestration – $2,000,000

Travertine will launch a transformative process that integrates strong acid treatment of tailings with electrolytic acid recycling. Leached critical elements are recovered as oxides, while carbonate minerals are precipitated using CO₂ from the air.

Harvard University

Developing Advanced NMR Techniques to Predict and Monitor CO₂ Storage and Mineralization for Enhanced Mining Exploration and Operation – $1,889,308

Harvard will develop advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for evaluating the chemistry of CO₂ mineralization in CO₂ reactive rocks. Reactions with these rocks enables the permanent sequestration of CO₂, and promotes enhanced mineral extraction.

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Re-Mining Red Mud Waste for CO₂ Capture and Storage and Critical Element Recovery (RMCCS-CER) – $1,000,000

PNNL will advance in-situ and ex-situ techniques to determine the solubility and thermodynamic properties of various sodium rare earth element (REE) carbonates, REE (hydroxy)carbonates, REE phosphate, and REE (oxy)hydroxides in various solutions and pressures and temperature conditions, with or without the presence of CO₂. The team will use the results to construct a database for optimizing conditions that efficiently recover energy-relevant minerals in red mud waste.

University of Nevada-Reno

Accelerated Reactive Carbonation Process (ARCP) for Energy Efficient Separation of Rare Earth Minerals $3,300,000

UNR will develop and test an accelerated reactive carbonation process to enable improved mineral liberation, energy-efficient comminution (grinding), and enhanced separation of rare earth elements from low-grade bastnaesite-bearing ores. High-pressure grinding rolls will pre-crush the ores to generate internal micro-cracks that will facilitate the subsequent carbonation and grinding process. The carbonation reaction will convert REE-bearing silicate minerals to REE-bearing carbonate minerals. The carbonation reaction from silicate to carbonate will soften the minerals, therefore reduce the comminution energy by 50% and increasing the total REEs yield by at least 20%.

Missouri University of Science and Technology

Reduce Comminution Energy and Improve Energy Relevant Mineral Yield using Carbon-Negative Oxalatization Reactions – $2,045,715

MS&T aims to establish a novel pathway to extract energy-relevant minerals, such as nickel and cobalt, from CO₂-reactive and low-grade silicate feedstock (e.g., lean ore, mine waste, and geologic formations) via a novel pretreatment using a CO₂– or biomass-derived organic acid that can dissolve silicates efficiently and liberate metals. The progressive dissolution will be followed by the precipitation of oxalate products, turning the bulky silicate rocks into micron-sized crystal particles and amorphous silica. The micron-sized crystal particles reduce the need for energy-intensive comminution during mineral beneficiation, and the separated crystalline oxalates will be further processed using hydrometallurgical approaches to separate the desired energy-relevant minerals.

The University of Texas at Austin

Carbon Negative Reaction-Driven Cracking for Enhanced Mineral Recovery: In-Situ Test at a Ni-Co-PGE Deposit – $4,997,015

The University of Texas, Austin, will conduct an in-situ injection of CO₂ dissolved in water to (1) permanently sequester CO₂ via carbon-negative reactions (carbon mineralization), (2) chemically fracture the rock via reaction-driven cracking before mining to reduce extraction and comminution energy by at least 50%, (3) replace the CO₂-reactive rock waste with carbonate to reduce energy needed for separation, improve concentrate grade, and increase ore recovery, and (4) expand the lifespan of the mine as a CO₂ sink once the ore is exhausted.

Idaho National Laboratory

Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Fracturing and Real-Time Monitoring for Carbon Negative In-Situ Mining – $3,143,000

INL will develop a novel mineral extraction technology to transform CO₂-reactive, impermeable, low-grade ores for in-situ mining, recovery of energy-relevant minerals, and CO₂ storage. Once the technology achieves maturity, it could potentially replace costly, energy-intensive, high-carbon footprint underground/open-pit mining.

Colorado School of Mines

Block Modeling of the Carbonation Potential of Ore Deposits Using Cutting-Edge Core Scanning Technology and Advanced Machine Learning Algorithms – $1,159,337

The Colorado School of Mines will develop a novel technological solution to enable mining companies to quantitatively model the carbonation potential of CO₂-reactive copper-nickel-platinum-group element ore deposits using cutting-edge X-ray fluorescence core scanning technology and advanced machine learning techniques. The quantitative models will allow the first of its kind cost-benefit analysis of the total carbonation potential of ore deposits to demonstrate that adapting negative emission technologies will become an integral part of mine feasibility studies.

Michigan Technological University

Energy Reduction and Improved Critical Mineral Recovery from Low-Grade Disseminated Sulphide Deposits and Mine Tailings – $2,467,817

MTU will achieve a decrease of 10 wt% CO₂ equivalent per ton of ore processed compared with the current methods for primary nickel extraction by storing CO₂ in CO₂-reactive minerals and recovering 80% of energy-relevant minerals from both sulphide and nickel-bearing silicate minerals in mine tailings. MTU will demonstrate (1) 200 kg of CO2 storage per metric ton (mt) of magnesium-rich and iron-rich silicate minerals in mine tailings within 4 hours after processing with 10% energy reduction compared with state-of-the-art, and (2) recovery of 50-80% yield of nickel from domestic low-grade disseminated sulphide ores. An estimated 2.2 million mt of CO₂ per year will be sequestered in mine tailings that are permanently and safely stored with a decrease of 100 kg of CO₂ equivalent per mt of ore processed.

Virginia Tech

Energy-Relevant Elements Recovery from CO2-Reactive Minerals During Carbon Mineralization – $2,200,000 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Virginia Tech will develop an innovative carbon mineralization/metal extraction technology (CMME) that enables the recovery of energy-relevant elements during direct and indirect carbon mineralization processes. Virginia Tech will introduce an organic phase during the direct carbon mineralization process and in the mineral dissolution step of indirect carbon mineralization process. Energy-relevant elements are extracted into the organic phase immediately after being dissolved, while alkaline-earth and other major elements remain in the aqueous solution for carbon mineralization. Energy-relevant elements in the organic phase can be further purified and separated through advanced separation technologies. Virginia Tech will test the CMME technology on low-grade mafic/ultramafic rocks and allanite ore, which could supply huge reserves of nickel, copper, and rare earth elements.

Johns Hopkins University

Carbon-Negative Mining from Gangue Minerals Enabled by Energy-Efficient Electrosynthesis of Acid and Base -$2,000,000

Johns Hopkins University will develop sustainable mining of critical elements, such as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), etc., from gangue minerals. The technology is based on robust acid-base chemistries and renewable electricity as the power source. It will enable the use of unconventional mineral sources for mining of energy-relevant critical metals. It will also avoid high-temperature thermochemical processing, minimize the discharge of hazardous chemical wastes and substantially reduce the carbon emission of mining industries. The proposed process represents a sustainable approach toward increasing domestic supplies of critical materials required for the transition to clean energy.

Columbia University

Innovative Stirred Media Mill Reactor with Integrated Carbon Mineralization and Electrochemical Separation of Critical Metals (critical SMM-e) – $2,500,000

Columbia University will develop a more energy-efficient, highly integrated renewable-energy-driven carbon mineralization and metal recovery technology from low-grade ores. The concept will enable concurrent metal valorization and CO2 sequestration via an autogenous, reactive comminution reactor system that can simultaneously provide high specific surface area mineral particles and accelerate mineral dissolution by removing silicon-rich passivation layers. This approach reduces comminution energy consumption and can be coupled with sustainable carbon mineralization and electrochemical recovery of key energy minerals using selective oxidation and reduction pathways.

University of Kentucky Research Foundation

Development of a Carbon-Negative Process for Comminution Energy Reduction and Energy-Relevant Mineral Extraction through Carbon Mineralization and Biological Carbon Fixation – $3,500,000

The University of Kentucky’s proposed technology will use CO₂ emitted at or near operating mines and processing operations to reduce the energy consumed during grinding by more than 50% while improving the recovery of critical energy-relevant minerals by 20% or greater. In this approach, CO₂ will be mixed with ore containing valuable minerals, especially copper and rare earth elements (REE), to improve the efficiency of grinding and separation. Additionally, biological fixation of CO2 will be studied and employed in producing acid that can be used to recover Cu from low-grade feedstocks. If successful, the project will provide a novel carbon-negative process using waste CO₂ to increase the amount of recoverable valuable energy-relevant minerals.

Phoenix Tailings – Woburn, MA

CO2 GONE – CO2 Gasification of Ore for Nickel Extraction – $1,275,000

Phoenix Tailing’s CO2 GONE process uses and recycles carbon dioxide (CO2) to extract energy-relevant minerals, primarily nickel (Ni) and magnesium (Mg), from iron- and aluminum-rich ore through carbonation with CO2. Using CO2 with high pressures, temperatures and mixing breaks the rock structure and allows for greater extraction of energy-relevant elements like Ni and Mg, which are then converted to metal carbonates (NiCO₃, MgCO₃). The resulting NiCO₃ and MgCO₃ are chemically separated by ammonia (NH₃) and refined to generate high-purity nickel oxide (NiO) and magnesium carbonate. The process is carbon-negative, sequesters CO₂, and recycles CO₂ and NH₃ to keep the system operating efficiently.